{"id":59320,"date":"2024-09-29T19:33:21","date_gmt":"2024-09-29T16:33:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.englishcentral.com\/blog\/?p=59320"},"modified":"2024-10-20T14:04:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-20T11:04:00","slug":"cac-lop-cau-tao-cua-trai-dat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.englishcentral.com\/blog\/vi\/cac-lop-cau-tao-cua-trai-dat\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c L\u1edbp C\u1ea5u T\u1ea1o C\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"
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C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111am m\u00ea khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u2013 v\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i, ph\u1ea7n l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 l\u00f5i. M\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. V\u1eady c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n

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C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n l\u1edbp ch\u00ednh, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1edbp v\u1ecf (crust), l\u1edbp manti (mantle), nh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i (outer core), v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n trong (inner core). M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1eeb l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng – n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta sinh s\u1ed1ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n trong s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f2n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hay c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng EnglishCentral \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eebng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t nh\u00e9!.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n

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C\u00e1c L\u1edbp C\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h2>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng l\u1edbp c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>\n

1. Crust (L\u1edbp V\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t)<\/h3>\n

L\u1edbp v\u1ecf l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 70 km, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng \u2013 m\u1ecfng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. L\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 km. V\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 bazan \u2013 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0u \u0111en v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng.
V\u1ecf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba: V\u1ecf n\u00e0y d\u00e0y h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0y t\u1edbi 70 km \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0 granit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t

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2. Mantle (L\u1edbp Manti)<\/h3>\n

L\u1edbp manti n\u1eb1m ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 2.900 km, l\u00e0 l\u1edbp d\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Manti ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 silicat gi\u00e0u magi\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u1eaft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o “tr\u00f4i” tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

L\u1edbp manti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh:
\nManti tr\u00ean: Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp manti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec3n (lithosphere). Th\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o di chuy\u1ec3n, g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u00e3y n\u00fai.
\nManti d\u01b0\u1edbi: Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo h\u01a1n do \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ef1a d\u1ebbo.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t

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3. Outer Core (Nh\u00e2n Ngo\u00e0i)<\/h3>\n

Nh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i n\u1eb1m ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp manti, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1edbp l\u1ecfng duy nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9a s\u1eaft v\u00e0 niken n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng 2.200 km. Nh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y b\u00ean trong t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi t\u1eeb 4.000\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 5.000\u00b0C, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh \u2013 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t

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4. Inner Core (Nh\u00e2n Trong)<\/h3>\n

Nh\u00e2n trong l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1edbp s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 1.220 km. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 5.000\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 6.000\u00b0C, nh\u00e2n trong l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn do \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. Nh\u00e2n trong ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb s\u1eaft v\u00e0 niken, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n

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Nh\u1eefng S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt Th\u00fa V\u1ecb V\u1ec1 C\u00e1c L\u1edbp C\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00e0nh tinh m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.
\nS\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp manti l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda.
\nNh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng duy nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.
\nNh\u00e2n trong m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn do \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m.
\nL\u1edbp manti chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 80% th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb 500\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 4.000\u00b0C khi ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n

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M\u1ed9t S\u1ed1 C\u00e2u H\u1ecfi Th\u01b0\u1eddng G\u1eb7p V\u1ec1 C\u00e1c L\u1edbp C\u1ea5u T\u1ea1o C\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t (FAQ)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean trong Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 g\u00ec?<\/em><\/strong>
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Khi s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n di chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

2. T\u1ea1i sao l\u00f5i b\u00ean trong l\u1ea1i r\u1eafn m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng?<\/em><\/strong>
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n trong r\u1ea5t cao, nh\u01b0ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m cho kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

3. L\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t s\u00e2u bao nhi\u00eau?<\/em><\/strong>
L\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 70 km, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. V\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao.<\/p>\n

4. T\u1ea1i sao l\u00f5i ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng?<\/em><\/strong>
Nh\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecfng do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eaft v\u00e0 niken t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n